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Women's Preferences for Penis Size: A New Research Method Using Choice amid 3D Models

• Nicole Prause,
• Jaymie Park,
• Shannon Leung,
• Geoffrey Miller

x

• Published: September 2, 2015
• https://doi.org/x.1371/journal.pone.0133079

Figures

Abstract

Women's preferences for penis size may touch men's comfort with their own bodies and may have implications for sexual wellness. Studies of women'southward penis size preferences typically take relied on their abstract ratings or selecting amongst 2D, flaccid images. This study used haptic stimuli to allow assessment of women'south size recall accurateness for the beginning time, also as examine their preferences for cock penis sizes in dissimilar relationship contexts. Women (N = 75) selected among 33, 3D models. Women recalled model size accurately using this method, although they fabricated more errors with respect to penis length than circumference. Women preferred a penis of slightly larger circumference and length for ane-time (length = six.4 inches/16.3 cm, circumference = 5.0 inches/12.7 cm) versus long-term (length = half dozen.3 inches/xvi.0 cm, circumference = 4.8 inches/12.ii cm) sexual partners. These first estimates of erect penis size preferences using 3D models suggest women accurately recall size and adopt penises but slightly larger than average.

Citation: Prause Due north, Park J, Leung Due south, Miller Grand (2015) Women's Preferences for Penis Size: A New Research Method Using Pick amid 3D Models. PLoS 1 ten(9): e0133079. https://doi.org/10.1371/periodical.pone.0133079

Editor: Heather Hoffmann, Knox Higher, Us

Received: February 11, 2015; Accepted: June 22, 2015; Published: September two, 2015

Copyright: © 2015 Prause et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Artistic Eatables Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original writer and source are credited

Information Availability: All relevant information are available via Figshare (http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1466782).

Funding: These authors take no support or funding to report.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Both men and women often have reported discomfort with the appearance of their genitals. While not as common of a business as trunk weight, muscularity, amount of caput pilus and torso hair, or elevation, penis size was a concern for 68.three% of 200 men in one study [i]. Concerns about genital advent are unique compared to other concerns almost physical advent. Outset, only intimate partners mostly know the advent of genitals. In contrast to the penis, torso weight, acne, and other features are easily observed, informing feelings of allure early in interactions. While indicators of penis size include ethnicity [ii] and finger length and ratio [3, 4], most proposed cues of penis size, including male height and human foot size [5], weight [6, seven], shoe size [8], and historic period [nine], are unreliable. Second, no diet, pill, or practice regime affects the size or shape of genitals. However, about half of men in one written report believed that they could change their penis size through non-surgical ways [10]. Little can be done to modify the appearance of the penis. Contrary to some public stance, it also is worth noting that discomfort with the appearance of the penis is non impacted [11], or is positively impacted [12], by viewing sex films. Given that but intimate partner(s) view the penis, the appearance is relatively immutable, and sexual activity films are non causing dissatisfaction, partner perceptions of the penis appearance seem to most probable to affect men'south feelings about the features of their penis.

The expectations that men have about women's penis size preferences appear to drive anxiety and dissatisfaction more than some inborn dissatisfaction. In the get-go questionnaire to examine the nature of dissatisfaction with the penis straight, three of the ten items concerned a partner's perception [thirteen]. These included "I will be solitary and without a partner" and "I will be laughed at by a partner in a sexual state of affairs". These anxieties may be unnecessary. For case, while men and women agreed that the "ideal" penis length was longer than what they thought was boilerplate, men mistakenly reported that women would find an fifty-fifty longer penis ideal than the women really did [10]. Furthermore, virtually men seeking surgery to increase their penis size (e.1000., [14, xv]), actually autumn inside the normal penis size range [16].

Concerns about penis size affect men's sexual satisfaction and functioning. Of course, penis size demand not impact sexual functions like orgasm, sexual drive, or pain experience. Nonetheless, men who are less satisfied with their penis report more sexual health bug [17]. A smaller penis decreases sexual conviction [18], which may be why penis size is related to sexual function. Another reason penis size may be related to sexual functioning is that anxiety concerning the partner's response may be calculated as a cost of the relationship, which leads him to experience broad sexual dissatisfaction [19].

The context of the sexual relationship could influence penis size preferences. For example, the goal of the sexual interaction with a one-night partner tends to be pleasance [20]. Women recognize that infection risks are higher from a one-night partner [21]. While women adjust their behaviors for this chance, beingness less likely to engage in anal sex [22] and more likely to utilize condoms [23] with i-night partners, such risky behaviors themselves are oftentimes experienced as pleasurable [24]. On the other hand, vaginal intercourse always causes tears in the vaginal mucosa [25] especially in the sensitive posterior fourchette [26], so women might adopt a smaller penis less likely to stress their physiology for regular, long-term mates. Thus, women might shift their preferences for penis size depending on the type and duration of sexual human relationship.

Studies of penis size preference to engagement have relied on numerical size estimates, vague qualitative descriptions, or 2-D line drawings. For example, some studies have asked participants to specify penis length preferences in centimeters [27]. Another study asked participants to indicate their preference from reading erotic passages with 3 qualitative penis size options (minor, medium, big) [28]. Yet, humans judge sizes most accurately when visual and haptic data are available together [29]. Both sources of data are usually available in sexual interactions. Thus, in this report, three-dimensional (3D) models were used with the promise of increasing accuracy, ecological validity, and external validity. Too, most studies of penis size preference have portrayed or asked about the penis in its flaccid state [30, 31]. This may exist problematic, because the relationship betwixt cock and flaccid sizes has been reported as negligible [32, 33] moderate (r = .44 in [34], r = .78 in [35]), and strong (rho = .77 in [6], r = .79 in [32]). Information technology is unclear how well flaccid size reflects erect size. Of course, intercourse can occur only with a sufficiently rigid penis [36]. Thus, information technology seemed important to characterize preferences for penis size in its erect state. The current study used 3D models of erect phalluses to characterize women's penis size preferences for the outset time.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is merely beginning to be used to assess shape perception and categorization. On the one hand, visual second information as compared to haptic information (from 3D) upshot in similar solutions for object similarity [37]. Each fashion of information (visual or haptic) also improves categorization in the other domain [38, 39]. 3D printing could let representation of highly problem-specific, complex structures [39]. Haptic information from 3D objects improved shape identification compared to raised lines alone [twoscore] and improves after operation in the visual domain [41], mayhap by improving discriminability [42]. Also, haptic information is robust to differences in perceptual acuity, such as occur with aging [43], which make such stimuli attractive when the visual vigil of participants may vary. This study extends the existing piece of work using 3D stimuli to assess size preferences. This approach also permitted characterization of women's power to accurately call back the size of cock phallus models for the starting time fourth dimension.

When flaccid and "stretched" penis sizes are characterized [44], largely past self-measurement [45], they predict erect size surprisingly poorly. All the same there are relatively few studies of erect penis size. This may reverberate cultural taboos against researchers or doctors interacting with men who are in a sexually aroused land. Ane study had men judge their ain cock size in relation to a banknote's length [46]. Two studies of erect penis sizes provided kits for home measurement [47, 48]. Such self-measurements of length and circumference show fairly skillful test-retest reliability (r = .68 to .ninety, [47]). Pharmacologically-induced, physician-measured erections identified an average length of 12.89 cm (SD = two.91) and circumference of 12.three cm (SD = 2.ix; [32]). These were somewhat shorter in length (M = xiv.15, SD = 2.seven), yet similar in circumference (M = 12.23, SD = ii.2), compared to a recent, large survey [48].

Women's penis preferences may vary with their relationship expectations. Women prefer more masculine partners for shorter-term sexual relationships [20]. Women also value intelligence more, and bewitchery less, for long term, equally compared to short term, partners [49]. More masculine traits, such as lower voice pitch [50] and (to some extent) larger penis size [51, 52] are correlated with testosterone levels, which as well may influence men's mating goals and attractiveness. Since a larger penis size is perceived every bit more masculine [53, 54], we predict women will prefer a larger penis for shorter-term sexual relationships.

Women likely brand penis size judgments partly using their recalled experiences. Yet, it is unclear how accurately women tin can think penis size. Exposed to nude male images, women do attend to the genital area [55, 56]. People can by and large think if a penis was described as "large", "medium", or "small", or not described at all [28]. In the current study, women's ability to call up penis size was tested by match-to-sample call up, both immediately and after a delay of ten minutes.

Materials and Methods

Stimuli: The penis models

Based on previous studies (run into above) virtually the distributions of penis length and circumference, the average American erect penis length was estimated as 6 inches (fifteen.ii cm) and circumference every bit v inches (12.7 cm). Models were created to range +/- 3.0 Due south.D. beyond each dimension (see Fig 1). This resulted in length ranging four.0 inches to 8.v inches (10.two cm to 21.half-dozen cm), and circumference (circumference) ranging from 2.5 inches to 7.0 inches (6.4 cm to 17.vii cm), using 0.v-inch (1.3 cm) increments (come across Fig i). This yielded a x Ten 10 matrix of 100 possible sizes. Nevertheless, such a large pick set could overwhelm participants. We chose to sample 1/3 of this space, yielding 33 models beyond the range of space.

Fig 1. Sizes of printed models.

Shading indicates the average penis length and girth in the USA. Assuming indicates models used for recall (firsthand/delayed, counterbalanced) tests. Units are in inches.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133079.g001

The penis model shape was a cylinder, representing the shaft, topped past a dome, representing the penis caput (meet Fig ii). Of course, the human penis shaft is comprised of iii corpora that could be meliorate represented by a rounded triangle and a more circuitous glans. Also, no veins, testicles, or other details of the penis were portrayed. These details were not represented for three reasons. First, at that place are no mathematical descriptions available to accurately represent normal proportions of more than circuitous penile structure. 2d, women generally charge per unit male nudes as less attractive than heterosexual men rate female person nudes [57], and so making the penis model more realistic might have provoked negative responses. Third, the study was focused on overall penis size, not penis shape or surface details. While one motivation backside the electric current study was to meliorate the ecological validity of the stimuli, these concerns suggested starting with a more simplistic, cock penis model.

Fig two. Penile Models.

A) Computer graphic representation of one of the 'print files' used to produce the 3D penis models. B) Examples of (iv of 33) 3D models showing length in inches. A and D correspond the largest and smallest models in the set, respectively; B and C represent the ii models (counterbalanced) used to test recall for size.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133079.g002

Dimensions of commercial penile models exercise not vary systematically, so they were not advisable for inquiry purposes. Thus, the penis models were printed using a Makerbot Replicator 2 in blue ABS plastic ("Navy wool"; printer files for replications are at http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:518401). Files were created using object-oriented Tinkercad [58] and compiled to.stl formats in G-Replicator [59]. Models were lite-weight, sturdy plastic with a smoothen surface (see Fig 1). Later on printing, models were checked by measuring tape to ensure accurateness of length and circumference. None required reprinting for accuracy. The models were identified by randomly assigned letters (e.g., "Yard", "CC") written on the bottom of each. This was done to reduce the influence of "largest" and "smallest" anchors and too to eliminate the need for women to measure or infer specific size. The 33 models were evenly split up (xi, 11, 11) in a three-tier wire basket to ease women'southward ability to find the desired model. Baskets were randomly shuffled between participants to reduce selection bias.

Participants

Volunteer were recruited past flyers around the California academy campus, the neighborhood, and local physicians' offices. The flyers stated that women were requested to volunteer for a study concerning sexuality. The flyers also stated that participants must be female person, at least eighteen years old, sexually attracted to men, and would be paid $20. The flyer did non mention penis size preferences. Women volunteered by either phone or an online form requesting a phone phone call. They completed a telephone screening to confirm their eligibility (eastward.g. being aged 18 or over, being sexually attracted to men) before being scheduled as participants.

Procedures

Upon a participant's arrival, the Informed Consent document was provided, and women were given time to report it. Afterward, they were given a chance to ask questions, then the experimenter asked whether they still wish to participate. If the participant verbally consented, the experimental protocol started. The Informed Consent document stated that standing at this stage constituted consent. Participants never provided their names. Informed Consent was not documented using identifiable personal information, considering it was unclear whether the new procedures might influence participants' willingness to report their penis size preferences.

Side by side, the participant answered questionnaires (described below) presented on a estimator in a private room, using a secure connection, on individual laboratory server space scripted by the first author in php5. This took virtually l minutes and included the penis size preference tasks and questionnaires (see below). Computer presentation of questionnaires has been shown to increase the reporting of socially less desirable behaviors [threescore]. Afterwards the questionnaires, she completed a 10-minute computer task (information to exist reported elsewhere) assessing attention to sexual images. Later on, the participants was debriefed, offered the opportunity to ask questions, and given $xx cash. The study protocol, including Informed Consent protocol, was approved by the University of California, Institutional Review Board.

Questionnaire

The self-report questionnaires included demographic information (e.g., age, ethnicity, sexual orientation), sexual history (due east.g., number of sexual partners, sexual compulsion, whether penis size played a role in relationship dissolution(south), etc.), and electric current sexual functioning (e.yard. orgasm rates, ease of lubrication, relationship monogamy status, pain during intercourse). These were used to narrate the sample. Other personality questionnaires were included, such equally the Sexual Desire Inventory [61] and the Sociosexual Orientation Scale [62] to characterize the sample.

Size preference and think: Recall accuracy

Afterward completing the other questionnaires, the experimenter entered with one of the two test models. Two of the original 33 models were randomly selected and reprinted (indicated in black cells in Fig ii). The experimenter informed the participant that she would be handed a model. She was instructed that she would be asked to try to retrieve the size of the model later inspecting it. During the inspection, she was asked not to mensurate the model using whatever objects in the room, but no instruction was provided regarding how she used her own easily. And then, the experimenter left for xxx seconds (without observing the participant'due south inspection process), returned, took the exam model from the participant and out of the testing room, and asked the participant to select which penis model (from the 33 described above) was most similar in size to the test model she just handled. The participant recorded the letter code from the bottom of that model into the computer.

The delayed-recall task was similar, except this time, the participant did not immediately search for the model. Instead, she was given ten minutes to complete the penis size preference questionnaire (below). The preference questionnaire would increase retention interference, which is desirable for ecological validity as women asked to recall a former partner's penis size may have sex with other new partners in the delay. After this, the participant was instructed to effort to locate the 2nd model (from the 33 described above). The test models were counter-balanced, and so the remember blazon (immediate or delayed) would not be confounded with test model size (larger or smaller).

Size preference and remember: Penis Size Preferences

After completing the immediate recollect task, participants answered xv questions about their penis size preferences. Each involved picking 1 penis size model from amidst the 33 models bachelor. The pick "No reply" likewise was available for each. For this study, the key questions were to select the model that they believed best reflected the average of men, which size is nigh likely to bear a sexually transmitted infection, and which size she would adopt for different expected human relationship durations. The questions virtually preferences for different types of partners were a bit more than complex. For onetime partners the question was:

"Imagine you're single and you're out at a eating house with some friends. You run across an attractive man who is also single. He seems kind, intelligent, funny, and has a groovy chore. You are feeling sexually aroused. He says he's in town for a conference but he has to fly back dwelling tomorrow afternoon. If you lot could spend only this one nighttime with him, what size would you want him to be?"

For long-term partners the question was: "What would be the platonic size for a husband or serious, long-term boyfriend?" The question regarding shorter-term partners conspicuously included much more detail. This was washed in an try to control for intervening variables non of involvement. For example, if a woman doubted at all for her rubber with an unknown partner, she might select smaller models in the event of sexual assault. Thus, safety cues were included in the characterization.

Data analyses

Recall mistake was calculated as the departure of the dimension the participant chose minus the size of the actual sample. Thus, a positive number would indicate that participants chose a model larger than what they were shown. A within-participant ANOVA was calculated with the interaction of dimension (length, circumference) by think (immediate, delayed. Put another style, the accuracy of recall could be affected past length or circumference beingness recalled better than the other dimension (dimension factor), by the length of the delay was until they selected a model (recollect), or an interaction where length or circumference were recalled amend at either the shorter or longer delay.

Descriptive data are provided regarding the size that women believed was average and the range women indicated for their "smallest" and "largest" sexual partner. To exam whether women's preferences differ past partner type, an ANOVA with dimension (length, circumference) 10 partner (one-fourth dimension, long term) predicting preferred inches was conducted. A custom model was specified without dimension as a master effect, because dimensions were stipulated to be unlike in the generation of the stimuli.

Results

Participant demographics and sexual experience

All participants (Northward = 75) were screened to written report sexual attraction to men, and ranged in age from eighteen to 65. They were California residents, by and large white or Asian, sexually experienced, currently in a sexual human relationship, and had sex recently (see Table ane). 20-seven per centum of women reported that they had ended a human relationship due, in role, to a mismatch betwixt their penis size preference and their partner's penis size (encounter Table 1). More than women cited that the penis was besides small as a problem, rather than that the penis was too large. The length and circumference of the model that each woman believed all-time represented the "average" penis size is presented in Figs three and 4 shows every adult female'southward selection of the "smallest" and "largest" sexual partner with whom she had contact.

Recall accuracy

Nearly (North = 48) women selected the exactly correct model (in both length and circumference) at immediate recall (see Fig 5). Virtually one-half (N = 31) of women selected exactly the correct model at delayed call back. In that location was a primary effect of dimension predicting model option error (F(i,73) = 11.six, p < .001, η_p ⁱⁱ = .14): participants slightly underestimated penis length after the recall interval (M = -0.eighteen inches or -0.46 cm error), but were very accurate recalling penis circumference (K = 0.02 inches or 0.05 cm mistake). There was no main result of filibuster nor dimension X delay interaction despite loftier power (f = .1, r = .9, one-β = .97). Given the high accuracy, analyses for preferences were conducted as planned.

Fig v. Recalled sizes (immediate and delayed) slightly shorter than actual model with about picking exact model.

Note: "0" indicates the verbal correct model was chosen. Positive values indicate that the selected model was larger than the target model.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133079.g005

Does the expected relationship duration affect penis size preference?

For the penis size preferences for one-time or long-term partners, xv women indicated "No answer". Analyses were conducted on the remaining participants (N = 60). At that place was a pocket-sized master effect for expected relationship elapsing, F(1,59) = iv.4, p = .04, η_p ² = .07 (see Fig 6), such that participants preferred a slightly larger penis size in one-time (length = half-dozen.4 inches or 16.3 cm, circumference = v.0 inches or 12.seven cm) partners equally compared to long-term partners (length = 6.iii inches or 16.0 cm, circumference = 4.8 inches or 12.two cm). There was no interaction of dimension (length, circumference) and relationship duration. Using independent t-tests separately predicting length and circumference preferences for partner type resulted in a meaning departure for the test of circumference (t(59) = 2.four, p = .02, d = .2) but. Women preferred a larger circumference in one-fourth dimension partners (G(SD) = 5.0(.one)) relative to long-term partners (M(SD) = 4.eight(.1)). Equally ANOVA corrects for multiple comparisons, information technology is a more advisable statistical examination for these data. These t-tests are noted for full disclosure of the analyses conducted. Only sixteen women selected a model as "most likely to take an STI", whereas nigh women declined to select a model. Of the women who did answer, the model selected equally virtually likely to have an STI was significantly larger (M(SD) = six.2(.3)) than the model women used to point their one-dark stand (M(SD) = v.8(.ii)) preference, F(1,15) =, p = .01, η_p ² = .35. This finding did not vary by the dimension (length, circumference).

Word

Women attended one session in the laboratory during which they completed questionnaires about their sexual history and selected amidst 3D erect penis models to indicate their size preferences for one-fourth dimension or longer-term partners. The state-infinite appeared to well-characterize the range of women'south experience, equally their "largest" and "smallest" partners did not show prove of ceiling or floor effects. Women tended to recall the size of the 3D models very well, only underestimating penis length. Women preferred a larger penis size (especially a larger circumference) for ane-fourth dimension partners as compared to long-term partners. While this preference for a larger phallus is in a higher place the boilerplate penis size, it is but very slightly above the boilerplate. While most declined to identify a penis size most likely to bear an STD, women selected even larger phallus sizes as the about likely to be infected with an STD.

A filibuster in model recall did not significantly worsen participant's recall of the model size. In fact, women were generally very authentic in identifying the same model at both immediate and delayed recall. When they did brand errors, they slightly underestimated model length. One possible explanation is that women care more about circumference, and then they may attend to it more [63]. Some authors have argued that penis length really is more important and "healthy" to want than circumference (e.g., [64, 65]), simply others have not replicated this reported blueprint.

These data are generally consistent with Mautz et al. (2013), which asked women to charge per unit the bewitchery of life-sized, projected, rotating drawings of male figures with flaccid penises of diverse sizes. Their participants preferred phalluses 2SD higher up their estimated population-average penis size, whereas our participants preferred penises that were merely a lilliputian above average. This deviation may be due to their images depicting flaccid penises, whereas our models depicted cock penises.

Since women's preferences for both relationship types were slightly larger than the average male, the preferred size for the onetime partner was farther from the boilerplate. Novelty itself contributes to pleasure [66], so seeking a more than novel-sized penis may be consistent with a goal to pursue pleasure primarily in i-time partners. Women may prefer a smaller penis size in a long-term partner compared to a one-time partner for reasons of both physical comfort and a preference for less masculinity in a longer term partner [67]. The difference in pleasance motive is also suggested by genital physiology. A larger circumference might stretch the vaginal opening such that the deep structures (clitoral crura and vestibular bulbs) are more than stimulated, and the clitoral glans is more stimulated by penis movement [68]. Also, the vagina is densely packed with pressure-sensitive mechanoreceptors that find stretch sensations [69]. These appear finely tuned to find variability in circumference, whereas the vagina is less sensitive to differences in other stimuli such as vibration or warmth [70]. Other studies also found that women adopt a relatively larger penis proportional to torso size [31], especially with respect to circumference (e.1000., [54]). Given that women typically experience more pleasurable and orgasmic sexual activity in longer-term relationships [71], they might adopt a larger penis for short-term sexual activity partly so the increased physical sensation compensates for the reduced psychological connection. In ane notable exception, a preference for general torso somatotype did not differ by the relationship elapsing [brief uncommitted versus long-term partners in 72].

A larger penis could contribute to infection risks, such that a larger penis on more risky 1-fourth dimension partners elevates risk. A larger penis has been associated with higher infection rates amidst men who have sex with men [73]. Also, an increase in friction during intercourse from a condom is associated with the introduction of more bacteria into the vagina [74, 75] and more vulvar erythema [74]. Finally, women report that condoms increase their experience of hurting during intercourse [76, 77]. Annihilation that increases friction during intercourse may promote genital injury, indirectly increasing infection risk. A larger phallus would increase friction relative to a smaller phallus. These potential complications of a larger penis suggest why the human penis has not evolved to be larger.

Individual differences amid the women were not examined in relationship to their penis size preferences, although diverse female traits could interact with their sexual health risks. For instance, women with wider hips tend to accept a college proportion of one-fourth dimension sexual partners [78]. While women's vaginal depth and pelvic muscle tonicity has been characterized [79, 80], these traits have never been related to women's penis size preferences. Presumably, given the variability in vaginal size and tonicity, some women would experience more fierce with a larger phallus than other depending on the morphology of their particular vagina.

Generating haptic stimuli was relatively toll-effective and simple. Free software was available for generating impress files. Besides, the print files are shared online to allow exact future replications. Undergraduate research assistants were able to create and monitor the work flow. The 3D printer used is now widely, cheaply commercially available. Expanding this model into preferences pertaining to other domains, or even for other penis shape preferences, appears desirable.

As a first study using life-sized 3D models of cock penises to investigate preferences, some limitations exist. Models were not perfectly ecologically valid. They were blue to minimize racial skin-color cues. They were made with rigid, odorless plastic. They were a simplified dome-on-cylinder class rather than realistically shaped and textured. The male person body was neither described nor portrayed. There were as well limitations of self-report approaches. Men and women appear to have actually get less approval of one-time sexual partners since 2001 [81], which may affect the preferences that they are willing to report regarding such partners. Too, a significant minority (15 of 75) of women chose not to report a preference for penis size in short and long term partners, but did answer both of the recall questions. Perhaps these women did not have a clear preference, consistent with weak penis size preferences reported in some previous studies [54, 65]. This could be viewed every bit a forcefulness, insofar every bit women did non feel compelled to answer in cases where they did non feel they had a potent enough basis to generate an answer.

Another limitation is sexual inexperience among some participants. Fifteen women in our sample indicated that they had never experienced sexual intercourse. This inexperience could underlie some of the size preferences observed. For instance, women by and large anticipate more pain with their commencement intercourse than they actually feel [82], so they may prove risk-balky penis size preferences (for shorter length and thinner circumference than they may prefer with experience). Less experienced women may as well be less accurate in their size estimates. Nevertheless, a follow-up assay showed that having had sexual intercourse (yes or no) did not predict penis size preferences, arguing against this possibility. A related limitation is that the experimental protocol necessarily limited the sample size, and these women were recruited largely near a college campus. There may be other biases in the sample related to the recruitment method and sample size that were not identified.

There are several implications of these data for males interested in long-term female person partners. Males with a larger penis may be at an advantage when pursuing short-term female partners. Also, this study provides the first information on the accurateness of women's penis size judgments. Furthermore, women tended to slightly underestimate the length of penis models afterward a recall filibuster. Women may misremember specific partners penis attributes as smaller than they really are. This may exacerbate men's anxieties about their penis size. Men dissatisfied with their penis size take historically benefitted more from counseling than from surgically increasing their penis size [83]. This may aid explain why most men seeking surgical interventions for enlarging what they perceive to be a small penis actually have a penis that falls within a normal range [16]. Finally, 3D printing allows greater flexibility and complexity in stimuli and highly accurate replications. This showtime use of 3D stimuli to assess preferences is promising. Increasing print resolution and animation will augment the research applications with haptic stimuli.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank numerous enquiry assistants at University of California, Los Angeles for their assistance with data collection. Nosotros also thank Ardershir Rahman for assistance with model design and press.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: NP GM. Performed the experiments: NP JP SL. Analyzed the data: NP JP SL GM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NP. Wrote the paper: NP JP SL GM.

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